Fifty-four Forty or Fightâ€The U.S./Canada Boundary

In 1818, the United States and the United Kingdom, which controlled British Canada, established a joint claim over the Oregon Territory, the region west of the Rocky Mountains and between 42 degrees north and 54 degrees 40 minutes north (the southern boundary of Russias Alaska territory). The territory included what now is Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as land up the western coast of Canada. Joint control of the region worked for more than  a decade and a half, but ultimately the parties set out to divide Oregon. Americans there outnumbered the Brits in the 1830s, and in the 1840s, thousands more Americans headed there over the famed Oregon Trail with their Conestoga wagons. Belief in the United States Manifest Destiny A big issue of the day was Manifest Destiny or the belief that it was Gods will that Americans would control the North American continent from coast to coast, from sea to shining sea. The Louisiana Purchase had just about doubled the size of the United States in 1803, and now the government was looking at Mexico-controlled Texas, the Oregon Territory, and California. Manifest Destiny received its name in a newspaper editorial in 1845, though the philosophy had been very much in motion throughout the 19th century. The 1844 Democratic presidential candidate, James K. Polk, became a big promoter of Manifest Destiny as he ran on a platform of taking control over the entire Oregon Territory, as well as Texas and California. He used the famous campaign slogan Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!—named after the line of latitude serving as the territorys northern boundary. Polks plan was to claim the entire region and go to war over it with the British. The United States had  fought them twice before in relatively recent memory. Polk declared that the joint occupation with the British would end in one year.   In a surprise upset, Polk won the election with an electoral vote of 170 vs. 105 for Henry Clay. The popular vote was Polk, 1,337,243, to Clays 1,299,068. Americans Stream Into the Oregon Territory By 1846, the Americans in the territory outnumbered the British by  a ratio of 6-to1. Through negotiations with the British, the boundary between the United States and British Canada was established at 49 degrees north with the Treaty of Oregon in 1846. The exception to the 49th parallel boundary is that it turns south in the channel separating Vancouver Island from the mainland and then turns south and then west through the Juan de Fuca Strait. This maritime portion of the boundary wasnt officially demarcated until 1872. The boundary established by the Oregon Treaty still exists today between the United States and  Canada. Oregon became the nations 33rd state in 1859. Aftereffects After the Mexican-American War, fought from 1846 to 1848, the United States won the territory that became Texas, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. Every new state fueled the debate about slavery and which side any new territories should be on—and how the balance of power in Congress would be affected by each new state.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( T2dm ) - 1317 Words

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Too often woman receive the diagnosis of chronic illnesses like type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is one of the top ten diseases among women. To a large extend, diabetes is preventable; however, women tend to overlook preventive care because they think they do not have the time or they are too busy taking care of everyone but themselves. Yet, women have the power to stay well by learning about the diseases that may strike them and knowing potential risk factors. The most important step towards being healthy is education. Therefore, women should arm themselves with information regarding prevention or early detection on the major diseases that affect women like T2DM. The American Diabetes†¦show more content†¦The cardinal sign and symptoms of diabetes are increase thirst, hunger, fatigue, increase urination, and blurred vision. However, the symptoms unique to women are: vaginal and oral yeast infections and vaginal thrush, urinary infections, female sexual dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) (ADA, 20169. The criteria for diagnosis of diabetes are: Hemoglobin A1C is greater than 6.5%, fasting plasma glucose greater than 126 mg/dl, 2-hr plasma glucose greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl or a random plasma glucose greater or equal to 200 mg/dl with symptoms polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and unexplained weight loss. Many patients can manage their diabetes by exercising, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding smoking cigarettes, and a healthy diet (ADA, 2016). As a NP student, it is important to know the most current information on diabetes and the appropriate websites to obtain the information from like Up-To-Date, American Diabetes Association, and mobile APPs that make visits more effective is point-of-care education such as: iMedicalApps (http://www.imedicalapps.com/), Epocrates (http://www.epocrates.com, and MedscapeMobile (http://www.medscape.com/public/iphone). These websites and mobile apps mak es it easier to review potential diagnosis, give pointers on appropriate education, and management of the disease. The NP student may also find these websites beneficial to use or have

China Education System Needs Free Essays

China Education System Needs to be Changed on College Entrance Exam Introduction Getting up at 6 a. m. in the morning, after breakfast, then go to school to begin reading books or reciting textbooks. We will write a custom essay sample on China Education System Needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was how I began my school life when I was in high school. I start my school life and study at 7 a. m. in the morning and until 9 p. m in the evening. When all my classes were over I could back home, but it did not mean that I can relax and go to bed. When I back home take a shower and continue studying until midnight. When I start our second year in high school, I need to choose a major: arts or science. I choose arts in high school, so except Chinese, math and English, which everyone need to learn, I also needed to take politics, history and geography class. For sstudents who chose science, they need to take physics, biology and chemistry class instead. All Chinese sstudents have to study so hard for a reason: the college entrance exam, also called â€Å"gaokao† in Chinese. There are over ten million sstudents taking this exam every year in China. Only a small group of sstudents can pass this exam to get into the top university and get further education. When we take the college entrance exam, and sstudents in different majors need to take different exams. There are two different tests, one for arts and one for sciences. And sstudents who major in arts need to remember lots of information; sstudents who major in science need to lots of homework. Many sstudents who cannot pass it may continue studying and take gaokao the next year or just go to a university that is not so good. As our parent’s say, this is an exam that decides our whole life. So, it is easy to know how much pressure we have when we face this exam. I want to argue in this essay that I think China should provide the college entrance exam twice a year and, furthermore, should avoid using the exam alone to determine which sstudents can attend the best colleges. Making these changes can reduce the pressure on sstudents so that they can enjoy themselves and pursue other academic and non-academic interests. Some Background about â€Å"Gaokao† The gaokao that we take today was began at 1978. At first it was held in July every year, from 2003 it begins hold in June every year because July is too hot. In China, the Compulsory Education Law that every single child must receive education at least for nine years. They need to start learning in kindergarten between age three to six. After three years in kindergarten, they need continue through primary school, middle school and then, for some people who have privilege to get higher education. There are two different levels of Chinese universities. The first category awards undergraduate diplomas and bachelor degrees following four years of study, whereas the second group awards undergraduate diplomas after two or three years. To enter these universities sstudents must sit the gaokao. According to an author Davey, â€Å"The exam in China is ultimately under the control of the National Examination Authority within the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Education co-ordinates and oversees the writing of exam questions, whereas lower-level government is responsible for printing and delivering the exam papers, as well as arranging exam centers, marking and reporting results â€Å"(Davey, 387). After several decades gaokao has become the most important exam for all China sstudents. Every year in June 7 and 8, two days that gaokao hold, it is just like a festival for examination. Sstudents take exam in local schools but not the school where they take class every day. When we enter the examination hall we cannot bring anything but a pen and student card. There is no calculator and dictionary when we take exam. On the first day of exam, we take Chinese test in the morning for two and half hours. In the afternoon we take the mathematics for two hours. It is a hard time when we finish our first day of exam. I remember when I finished the first day of exam, I felt a little bit relax because I pass math exam that was the most difficult part for me. I just glanced over my politics and history books prepared for next day. On the second day of gaokao, sstudents who major in arts take the test including politics, history and geography in the morning. Sstudents who major in sciences need take the test including physical, chemistry and biology. Last test is English in the afternoon of second of exam. In these two days police will come out to direct traffic and make sstudents can arrive to examination hall on time. Paren’ts are all worried about their children and many of them just stand outside of the examination hall wait till exam is over. It is a very common phenomenon through this time period. For us, when we start our school life, be successful in the gaokao is our ultimate goal for every student. It is just like a battle that have no gun and smoke. It is very obvious to know why we have no time to enjoy our spare time to play games, or just hang out for a day. The exam is very stressful, when we start to prepare for it is stressful as well. Less time to sleep, when we get into last year in high school, we even have no PE class just major classes all day long. Zheng, a writer from Research Center of High Education Development introduces that, â€Å"As the most important educational examination system of present-day China, the college entrance exam, while shouldering its original task of selecting qualified new sstudents for colleges and universities, also â€Å"holds multiple jobs,† pperforming educational, cultural, political, and other multifaceted social functions† (Zheng, 15). Gaokao even cares about our future career. A student graduate from the top university have a better chance to get good job than a student just graduate from normal university. The argument Zoninsein, a reporter from Slate Magazine argues â€Å"Essentially, Chinese universities accept those sstudents who are good at taking tests. This makes sense for an educational system historically oriented toward rote learning, where sstudents are tested on how well they’ve memorized their teachers’ lectures. Mary, who is about to graduate from the Beijing Foreign Languages University, admitted she had many brilliant friends who simply didn’t test well. They retook the test after another year of studying and enrolled wherever their scores permitted† (Zoninsein). As we all know, China has the largest number of people in the whole world. It is easy to image that how much pressure that Chinese sstudents face when they need to find a job. There is a social phenomenon have been in China for so long that if a student graduates from top university it mearns that he or she can find a good job. Benjamin a reporter from TIME net report this in 2007: â€Å"This year, close to 10 million Chinese sstudents sat for the gaokao, starting June 8. Sstudents who perform superlatively can expect to be courted by the nation’s top schools; the rest find spots in provincial universities or two- and three-year colleges. For the 40 ppercent of test-takers who fail, there’s always next year — or enrollment at one of China’s less-selective private institutions. As China’s economy booms, job competition has become ferocious — and the pressure to land a prestigious degree can be unbearable†(Benjamin). Indeed, there are also many unfair phenomena in the college entrance exam. For example, sstudents who take the exam in different place may get different grades during the exam. Sstudents who live in big city like Beijing and Shanghai can pass this exam easier than the sstudents who live in region area. Because there are many good universities in Beijing and Shanghai, when they enroll new sstudents they need sstudents’ grades for gaokao, the university treat local sstudents and nonlocal sstudents in different way, they treat local sstudents better than nonlocal sstudents. For instance, two sstudents get the same grades in gaokao, one of them is local student in Beijing, and the other one is not a local student. In this situation, the local student can get enrolled in Beijing University but the nonlocal student may not. The exam seems to create inequality among Chinese sstudents in different regions. How to cite China Education System Needs, Papers

Competitive Strategy for Companies and Products -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategy for Companies and Products. Answer: Introduction of the Companies and Their Products: The two chosen companies for the journal are Campbell and Progresso based in United States. Both the companies are majorly into the food industries and the most popular selling products of the companies are the soup products. Strategies: Competitive strategies are something that enables a company to plan their business strategies in such a way, which help the company to sell their products in the competitive market (Walker Madsen, 2016). To achieve the future growth and profit both the companies needs to redesign their strategies for marketing of the soups. The competitive strategies do not only include the improvement of the quality of the soups, but also making it more attractive to the consumers to ensure the selling of the product. For example, Campbell focuses on the innovation of the new products and the improvement of the quality of the soups. It is suggested that the company needs to redesign marketing strategies for potential products too. Again, for Progresso, the company needs to rethink their strategies to win the battle of soup over Campbell. One of the major food components is MSG, which Progresso needs to add in their most selling soup products, since the Campbell has already added the featured into their products. Another analysis is suggested for both companies to measure the competition level and the design the business strategies accordingly is porters Five Forces. The five forces include the entire industry based on competition, consumers, suppliers and threats from the other sources (E. Dobbs, 2014). Analyzing with this model will help these two companies to plan their marketing strategies for future profit and growth. Figure 1: Portes Five Forces Reference: Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. Walker, G., Madsen, T. L. (2016).Modern competitive strategy. McGraw-Hill Education.

Peroxidase Lab Report free essay sample

Determining the Catalytic Properties of the Enzyme Peroxidase Extracted from a Turnip Under the Conditions of Temperature, pH, Boiling and Competitive Inhibitors By Robin Caserta BIO 101 September 30, 2013 ABSTRACT The enzyme, peroxidase, extracted from a turnip was tested for its efficiency in binding to its substrate and its stability under several conditions. To do this, we tested effects on peroxidase activity, first, with different amounts of the enzyme, next at temperatures of 4oC, Room Temperature, 32oC, 48oC and boiling; then, at pH 3, pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9; and, finally, with the competitive inhibitor, hydroxylamine. We were able to measure enzymatic activity by the change in absorbance per second with a spectrophotometer. By testing different concentrations of peroxidase and its reaction rate in seconds, we were able to see that as the amount of enzyme increased the catalytic reaction also increased. The optimal amount of peroxidase concentration to be used in the subsequent experiments was determined to be 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Peroxidase Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 0 mL. Any amount above this would have caused the rate of absorbance to be too fast, making it too difficult to get accurate readings. Any amount below this would not have produced a reaction â€Å"at an appreciable rate. In addition, our results show that a rise temperature and pH only increase the rate of reaction to a certain point before the reaction rate begins to decline dramatically. In the case of boiling of the enzyme there was no rate of reaction found whatsoever. A similar result was found when hydroxylamine was added to the peroxidase and it caused an inhibition reaction. Overall, the results show that the peroxidase enzyme is sensitive with reference to the above factors in whether or not a reaction is catalyzed. INTRODUCTION Enzymes are essential in the breakdown of certain materials or molecules that cannot be used by or are harmful to an organism as they are, into products that can be used or are not harmful for the organism. They are proteins and their structure consists of amino acids with a specific shape. Enzymes have an area called an active site where substrates (only a particular molecule or material to be converted) bind. When the substrate is bound to the active site on the whole entity becomes an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrate’s covalent bond is disrupted and this chemical change constructs a new product from the original substrate while leaving the enzyme unaffected. Once this new product is released, the enzyme can bind again with more of these molecules needing conversion. Sometimes the enzyme works with coenzymes or cofactors such as vitamins or metallic ions to help the binding process. In other cases competitive inhibitors are at work and prevent a substrate from being bound to the active site on the enzyme. The competitive inhibitor is similar enough to bind with the enzyme, but because it is not a perfect match, the enzyme then loses its ability to catalyze a reaction for that moment. In accordance with these properties, we will see how certain factors affect the reaction rate of peroxidase. For our purposes in this lab we used the enzyme peroxidase extracted from a turnip. Peroxidase, along with the help of its iron ion cofactor, catalyzes harmful hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into a harmless compound and water. In order to follow the rate of reaction for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, we used guaiacol, a colorless dye, which donates electrons and turns brown when it is oxidized. We used this dye so that we could measure the absorbance with the spectrophotometer as the hydrogen peroxide is being broken down and the color change gets stronger over specific time intervals. We developed several null hypotheses for these experiments: 1) The amount of enzyme added to the reaction will not affect the rate of reaction.  emperature will not affect the enzymatic activity. 3) pH will not affect enzymatic activity. 4) Similar molecule to substrate will not affect enzymatic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and methods are taken from Lab Topic 7 in the Biological Investigations, 9th Edition. RESULTS Graph 1- Effects of Peroxidase Amounts Graph 2 Temperature Effects on Peroxidase Activity Graph 3 pH Effects on Peroxidase Activity Graph 4 – Boiled Peroxidase Results Graph 5  œ Hydroxylamine Results. Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxidase Graph 7 – Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxidase In Graph 1, Effects of Peroxidase Amounts, it shows the difference in rates of reactions with different concentrations of peroxidase in the solution Tubes 2 3 at 0. 5 ml, Tubes 4 5 at 1. 0 ml and Tubes 6 7 at 2. 0 ml, along with corresponding line slopes. Graph 2, Temperature Effects on Peroxidase Activity, shows the difference in rates of reaction for 1. 0 ml peroxidase at 4 °C, Room Temperature ~ 23 °C, 32 °C and 48 °C along with their corresponding line slopes. This result allowed us to reject our hypothesis that the amount of enzyme added to the reaction will not affect the rate of reaction. This test was important so that we could ascertain the best amount of concentration to use in the subsequent experiments with the spectrophotometer set at absorbance 470 nm and timed recordings at 20-second intervals for a total of 2 minutes. At 0. 5 ml of peroxidase the reaction time was too slow thus no appreciable line or slope was rendered to measure the reaction with any accuracy. Conversely, it was a challenge to get accurate absorbance readings at 2. 0 ml of peroxidase because the pace of the reaction appreciated so quickly and then met equilibrium. At 1. 0 ml of peroxidase the reaction time rendered an appreciable line and slope making it easier to record the absorbance every 20 seconds for 2 minutes and ultimately, the best concentration for use in the next experiments. It is known that when heat is applied to molecules, they move faster and collide more as the temperature rises. This is also true for the enzyme peroxidase and its substrate until the temperature reaches 32 °C and then the reaction begins to taper off and it dives down drastically at 48 °C when the hydrogen bonds holding peroxidase structure together begin to break. The results of this test confirm the same by the slope of each line and thereby we are able to reject our hypothesis that temperature has no effect on peroxidase rate of reaction. At 4 °C the slope of the line is 0. 0071, at Room Temperature ~ 23 °C the slope is 0. 0094, at 32 °C the slope is 0. As for pH effects on peroxidase activity, Graph 3, indicates that the amount of acidity or basicness to a solution changes the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and thereby changes the ability to bind with the substrate in an effective manner. Here we tested the null hypothesis: pH will not affect enzymatic activity. The results from Graph 3: pH Effects on Peroxidase Activity indicate that the more acidic pH 3 level disrupted the enzyme’s ability to bind with its substrate and its reaction rate did not appreciate noticeably. As the solution became less acid at pH 5, the greatest reaction efficiency resulted. Once the pH was at 7 and beyond the reaction rate for peroxidase and its binding ability became poor and the reaction rate declined. Again, it was necessary to do a derivative graph to see the slope results clearly. In Graph 7: Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxidase, the rate of reaction increased drastically from pH 3 with a slope of 0. 00007 to pH 5 with a slope of 0. 0055 and then trails off as the basicness increases at pH 7 with a slope.

Personal and Professional Healthcare Communication Essays

Personal and Professional Healthcare Communication Essays Personal and Professional Healthcare Communication Paper Personal and Professional Healthcare Communication Paper The healthcare industry is among the pillars that determine the success and economy of a nation, because this involves the safety and future of the citizens inhabiting it. Which is why, it is always almost imperative for a nation to ensure that the healthcare programs are aligned with the goals and purposes of seeing to it that the people are functioning and living a healthy lifestyle, in a healthy environment. The process that ensures the efficiency of care involves the simple yet highly intricate manner with which the health care team interacts with one another.   Through communication, the goal of promoting wellness and making sure that the patient gets well comes into being. The effective communication among the health care personnel is the key to how a sick person gets well.   It is this premise that will be discussed in the succeeding paragraph, wherein the difference between personal and professional communication will be thoroughly defined and elaborated. Health care communication defined In health care communication, the personnel involved in this team confer with each other to consult and seek information, exchange ideas, advice, or instruction. All of which carry the goal of implementing the best possible care for the patient (Servellen. 2005). A nurse might consult with another nurse, such as when a primary nurse consults with a clinical specialist about a particular patient care. A school nurse might confer with the child’s teacher or a psychologist about certain behavioral problem. A community health nurse might confer with a physician about the patient’s activity regimen. Communication, in the healthcare setting is a continuous process, it is endless until the goal of wellness has been reached and begins a patient is admitted. In the healthcare setting, collaborative kind of care has long been instituted as the best approach to planning and implementing patient care. Such that all the aspect of the patient’s being is addresses and the over all wellness is involved. There is the physical, psychosocial, and even the spiritual aspect.   The kind of care given to a patient must always be holistic in approach.   This approach highly requires the participation of all discipline is science, such as, physical therapy, diet, counseling, and of course the medical aspect of care, which is the pharmacologic intervention as well as the nursing care. The coordination among members of the health care team requires for each member to constantly interact, update, and consult each other in order to promote consistency of care and ensures the success of the primary wellness objective. Relevance of personal and professional health care communication An effective personal healthcare communication is important in the health care setting, because it determines the success of the health care objective.   It determines whether or not the plan of action is as effective as it should be. The communication follows a trail of person involve, from those involve in the primary care up until the care necessary when the patient should be discharge to home.   Constant feedback, updates, and consultation is what makes the chain of communication effective (McConnel. 2002). With out proper channel, the objective could not be carried out, and the implementation of plan will falter even before it can continue. For instance, in the aspect of implementing pharmacologic intervention, if the physician orders the certain medication to be given to the client, the primary nurse will implement this order by informing the pharmacy about this need so as the pharmacy may dispense the quantity required by the patient while being admitted. The pharmacist will then dispense the medication back to the nurse for her to administer to the patient, but the nurse likewise is tasked to inform the rest of the health care team, such as the, the dietitian, the physical therapist, so that they will be aware of which and uses such information as the basis for each of their program to implement. Therefore, all team members must then heed notice of the physician’s medication order, so as to avoid any detriment along the implementation of this pharmacologic intervention. The dietitian, through this information will then be able to avoid any food that may enhance or create side effects to the patient, so over all, the main priority here is the effective communication among all team members in order to prevent any mistakes from being committed, and further ailing the already suffering patient. Professional communication on the other hand is the kind of communication that rather requires the essence of ethics and moral. How Personal and Professional contributes to healthcare outcomes. When nurses detect problems they cannot resolve because they lie outside the scope of independent nursing practice or their expertise, they make consultations or referrals to other professionals. The process of inviting another professional to evaluate the patient and make recommendation to our about his or her treatment is called consultation. The process of sending or guiding the patient to another source for assistance is called referral. A patient might be referred by a hospital to a community health nursing service for assistance with home care. The healthcare team members frequently confer with each other to plan and coordinate patient care. Such conferences are also used for instructing students and practitioner. It is the meeting of healthcare professional which are also consequently used in instructing students and practitioner. Nurses might invite other healthcare practitioner to a nursing care conference concerning the patient’s care (Darley.2005). For example a clinical psychologist might be invited in the preceding example to address the possibility that a mental disorder is influencing this patient’s behavior. Discuss the principles of therapeutic communication for the healthcare professional The ability to communicate with individuals or with patient and with other health care professionals is essential for effective implementation of wellness goal. Knowledge of communication process and of effective communication techniques is fundamental to all aspect and all steps of the nursing process. At the same time, the nursing process provides the nurse with patient effectively. Health care professional, enter the health care industry to help people. Relationships between health care professional and providers are not accomplished randomly, but through the purposeful relationships. A helping relationship exist among people who provide and receive assistance in meeting human needs. It exists in the climate for the participant to move towards common goals of meeting human needs. Therefore, need gratification occurs as a result of successful helping relationship. Reference Page Darley, Mark. (2005). Managing Communication in Healthcare. PA: Elsevier Health Science. McConnel, Charles. (2000). Healthcare supervisor on Effective Communication. NY: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gwen Marram Van Servellen. (2002). Communication Skills for Healthcare Professional. Concept and techniques. NY: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Criminal Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Law Assignment - Essay Example ntion, unless they feel sure that death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty as a result of the defendants actions, and that the defendant appreciated that such was the case.†2 Based on this ruling there is little chance that Robert and/Stuart can argue that neither had the necessary intention to cause Terry’s death. The dialogue between them prior to cutting Terry loose strongly suggest that each of them knew that by cutting Terry loose death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty. In order for a charge of murder to be substantiated against Robert and Stuart it is not necessary for the Crown to prove that the defendants’ conduct was the only and main cause of death. Although there was an intervening cause, namely; the negligence of the rescue crew that ultimately caused Terry’s death, he would not have been exposed to hyperthermia had it not been for Robert and Stuart’s conduct in the first place. Even if it can be shown that Terry had suffered from some medical condition that made him particularly vulnerable to hyperthermia, this would not discharge Stuart and Robert’s responsibility under the â€Å"thin skull rule† which mandates that you take your victims as you find them.3 In R v Dear4 the court ruled that the question was whether or not the injuries caused by the defendant’s conduct was the significant cause of death or significantly contributed to the death of the victim. On the facts of the case for discussion, Robert and Stuart’s conduct not only significantly contributed to Terry’s death but was a significant cause. Therefore it is unlikely that causation would be of any assistance to either one of them as a defence. The defence of necessity was used in the early case of R v Dudly and Stephens5. In this case four persons had become shipwrecked and remained out to sea aboard a small vessel without food and other necessary provision. In order to save themselves, the three strongest decided that it was necessary

How telecommunication has shaped the work place Assignment

How telecommunication has shaped the work place - Assignment Example Other pertinent information contained in the white paper could be cited as an authoritative source backed by statistical information and encompasses different organizations on a global sphere. The annual report published by Deloitte presented crucial information regarding three significant drivers of change in the global setting: technology, media and telecommunications. From among the noted predictions under telecommunications include: (1) the preponderance of $100 smartphones; (2) technological devise with near field communications (NFC) capabilities would double in growth; (3) web bypass would predominate emphasizing visual connectivity without the need for Internet access; among others. The information contained herein is relevant in the current research in terms of clearly identifying future trends which have significant impacts in the work setting through its impact on current telecommunications resources used by contemporary global organizations; as well as the need to adapt, adjust, and upgrade, as identified. The authors aimed to determine the impact of smartphones in the health care work settings by initially providing an overview of the development of smartphones. Likewise, the authors expounded on assessing how smartphones were instrumental in transforming the work setting in health institutions through the various applications that were initially offered and which caters to the health care environment. The apparent distraction from tasks were closely examined through a SWOT analysis. The findings revealed some detailed guidelines and best practices to monitor and control the use of smartphones and ensure their beneficial applications within the health care setting. This article is useful in the current study particularly in identifying how a telecommunications application, through the smartphone, has significantly affected and shaped the

Appropriation as a critical practice in postmodernist art Essay

Appropriation as a critical practice in postmodernist art - Essay Example In the context of visual arts, art appropriation is associated with concepts of borrowing, adoption, recycling, or sampling certain aspects or even the entire form of any visual arts creation. The strategies used include recombinant, variation, interpretation, re-vision, imitation, supplement, re-evaluation, version, improvisation, increment, homage, paraphrase, forgery, mimicry, allusion, and karaoke.   Thus, in this form of art the artist while creating a new object uses certain elements borrowed from another artist’s works. This borrowing, referred to in the context of describing the new work, will term it as 'the artist uses appropriation;' or it may also directly refer to the new work and state, 'this is a piece of appropriation art'. Within ‘Arts’ the practice of appropriation involves the use of other artists’ symbol, ideas, artefacts, objects, photographs, sound, forms or styles from the various cultures, popular culture, art history, or any man c reated visual or non visual art form (Schneider, 2003). An elementary feature of appropriation art is that the artist in his new work simply reframes the original idea and presents it as a new one. Thus, in a majority of the cases, the original work still remains visible or accessible without change within the framework of the new creation. Anthropologists in their various research papers have claimed that this process of appropriation, is another form of  cultural borrowing  and includes concepts of both art and urbanism, and represents a path of the cultural modifications taking place while also distinguishing the relationship between the different cultures worldwide (Schneider, 2007). The words variation and   appropriation  in art often viewed as synonyms and used interchangeably, to denote the same form of work (ibid). In this context, we will examine works of three famous artists Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, and Barbara Kruger as we explore the use of appropriatio n as a critical practice in postmodernist art.   Discussion A brief overview of the history of appropriation art: Various artists, scholars and critics, have studied and analysed the route of the ‘appropriative’ notions that have been present in the arts history for many centuries. The word ‘appropriation’ implies ownership rights, and associated questions on unethical practices. Appropriation has been long present within the history of arts, and a study of the ancient artworks will reveal that the classical Greek artworks existed primarily through the Roman art appropriations. These were presented in the form of reproductions, created specially, to preserve, to keep records, to document, or to elicit a culture they hoped to imitate in the future (Deloria, 1999), while during the Middle Ages, a perfectly reproduced artwork was generally granted the same honour as the original piece. As per the notions associated with appropriation art, one can also refer Leonardo da Vinci  as an appropriation artist of the middle ages. Da Vinci used the ‘recombinant’ technique of appropriation, and accepted ideas from different sources and diverse subjects like art, mathematics, biology, and engineering and then combining them to create inventory artworks. In fact, modern historians contend that many of Da Vinci’s scientific models and designs were imitated and improvised versions of the works of another famous sculptor

The purpose of a lesson plan

The purpose of a lesson plan When I decided to design this lesson I wanted it to be as coherent as possible. The purpose of every lesson plan is to communicate. Every single lesson plan guides the teacher in organizing her material and herself for the purpose of helping her students to attain the intended learning outcomes. Your lesson plan must not be interpreted in many ways; otherwise it will be identified as a not very good plan. This leads to the conclusion that a key principle in creating a plan, is specificity. An effective teaching combines a number of techniques in order to satisfy students different learning styles. The lesson includes some individual works as well as pair work, in order to give students a chance to work with both techniques. Harmer (2007:370) cited that, when planning lessons we need to think carefully, therefore about what stages a lesson will go through and how we will get from one stage to another. So I think that it would be better if I split the lesson into three stages; the opening, the middle and the end. I start the lesson by reminding the students to speak English in the class, as it will help them to practice their fluency in speaking English, and I tell them what we are going to cover during the lesson. While i am talking I will give them a sheet with the sequence of the lesson, because as Harmer (207:370) pointed out, students need to know during a lesson when one stage has finished and another is about to begin. Each lesson plan has to follow a logical sequence so that learners will not find any difficulties in the different activities they will do with the teacher. In order to start the main part of the lesson, I use a picture of Ainsley Harriot who is a very famous English  celebrity chef  and television presenter in order to activate their background knowledge and to motivate them. I will ask them questions related to Ainsley, so that the whole class can participate by answering my questions. This is a very good pre-reading activity because learners activate their schemata but also because the teacher activates their motivation through the discussion about Ainsley Harriot. After this pre-reading activity, I will give them a text related to Ainsley Harriot with a global reading task to do. I decided to give them some reading exercises to do, because as Ur P. (2007:147) points out, reading skills need to be fostered so that the learner can cope with more and more sophisticated texts and tasks and deal with them efficiently. The worksheet I am going to give them includes three paragraph headings. Each paragraph heading goes to one paragraph. The students will gain an idea of the organization of the text and skim quickly through the text in order to find the correct heading for each paragraph. According to Thornbury and Watkins (2007:211) skimming in reading is getting the main ideas or gist of a text by reading it rapidly. After the global reading task I will give them an intensive reading task. I will supply them with another worksheet; which contains 8 questions with four possible answers allocated to each question. Students are supposed to circle the correct answer. They will use the text to find the correct answers. Specifically they are required to carry out specific information in order to find the correct answer. So they do not have to read the whole text, but they will focus on important key words in the questions and then find these keywords in the text in order to decide which answer to circle. This is called the scanning method. According to Lindsay and Knight (2006:72) scanning is the kind of reading you do when you want to find out about something specific. I think it would be better if I used the given text of Ainsley Harriot in order to design some other exercises. Thus I planned a vocabulary activity based on the words from the text. When the students will finish the last worksheet, I will take some words out of the text, write them on the board and I will ask students to tell me some family words of the given words. (Word families) As Nunan (2000:137) points out, word families is an extension of the formal grouping technique and she provides an example of exercise which can be developed in order to show how word families are developed from a single root. For example, music, musician musical. So the activity I decided to give them is called word families. I am going to write on the whiteboard a word like entertain which is in the text. Then, I will tell students to tell me some family words of the word given by giving them an example from another word. Word families are important because they can bring out hidden parts of spelling in a word that we already know. Likewise are very useful because it will give students the chance to expand their vocabulary and meet new words. When they will finish the previous exercise I will tell students to write a short biography of themselves (approximately 10 lines). As Wallace T, Winifred E. Stariba and Herbet J. Walberg (page 15) point out; writing is the final product of several separate acts that are hugely challenging to learn simultaneously. It will be based on the text and if they want they can use some of the words we wrote on the board. I will also indicate that they have to use the present tenses we did in the last lesson (simple present and present continuous). In this piece of writing they have to write about their likes, their hobbies and their daily routine. This type of writing is called personal writing. The purpose I have chosen personal writing is because students are invited to write about themselves. This is an interesting topic, and it is a thing which many students like, because they prefer this sort of writing as they do not have to imagine or invent stories, but if they want to, they can add s ome fictional details on order to make it more fascinating. Ur P. (2007:250) has pointed out, that written work includes assignments on grammar or vocabulary, and so on. Indubitable, when writing we practice the language but also we reinforce the language we have learnt. Thereby, students will practice writing in terms of the grammar, but also the vocabulary activity they have been doing. After writing the short biography, I will suggest that students have to swap their biographies. I will also mention that the purpose of this activity is to read and correct any mistakes they will spot in the biography of their classmates. When they finish reading the biography, they will tell to his/her classmate what mistakes they have done. For example, Marc holds Marinas biography. When they finish, they get together and they tell to each other (Marc-Marina, Marina-Marc) their mistakes. Peer correction is the method of error correction, where students correct each others mistakes rather than having the teacher to correct them. However, students may not be able to identify all the mistakes, but at least they will be able to detect some of them. As Ur P. (2007:172) points out, peer correction can be a time-saving and a useful technique. It can be a useful technique as the learner will feel more comfortable and less afraid or anxious when being helped by their fellow students. In order to finish the lesson, I will tell students the correct answers of the worksheets they have done, and ask them in order to reaffirm if they have any queries. Lastly, I will tell them what they have to do for homework, and collect their biographies so that I will be able to correct them and bring them back next week.

Everything about Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics Cannabis

"I think people need to be educated to the fact that marijuana is not a drug. Marijuana is an herb and a flower. God put it here. If He put it here and He wants it to grow, what gives the government the right to say that God is wrong?" (Willie Nelson) Marijuana is a psychoactive product, meaning that it interacts with the central nervous system and can alter perception, mood and behavior. It is widely and illegally used by many people all over the world. Marijuana is used for its euphoric feeling and pleasure when smoked, but also for its medical purposes. Marijuana comes from two main flowering plants, Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Sativa plants are generally tall, thin plants with narrow leaves and a rather light green color. They are natively grown in Mexico, Colombia, Thailand and Southeast Asia. In contrast, Indica plants grow in hash producing countries like Afghanistan, Morocco and Tibet. They are shorter, have broader leaves and usually look bushier than Sativa plants. Sativa plants are used more often for smoking, and said to have a stronger effect than the Indica plant. Such plants usually grow in the wild, but some people illegally grow marijuana in their homes, using special lights and growing tools. There are many substances in marijuana, over 400 known. The substance that creates a person to get ?high? while smoking marijuana is called THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is a type of cannabinoid which is a strong chemical in the plant, found in the flower or buds, stems and leaves. The higher content of THC is usually found in the buds, the most smoked part of marijuana. When weed is smoked, the THC goes straight through the blood stream, into the lungs and the brain. People usually start to feel ?hi... ...ers are also used to roll loose marijuana. The filled cigar or swisher would be split in the middle, emptied and the marijuana would be added and then the blunt would be rolled. Other popular smoking items are water pipes, or bongs and just normal pipes. Bongs filter out the marijuana through the water and most of the THC is inhaled. Pipes come in many different shapes, colors and sizes and are sold at just about any smoke shop. Vaporizers are also used, mostly for medical purposes though, which filter out the marijuana but are very costly. Pot does not always have to be smoked. It can be cooked into foods or even made into teas. Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. After many centuries of using marijuana, it has become a trend for many people. It is smoked around the world today, and just about anyone can get their hands on this drug. Everything about Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics Cannabis "I think people need to be educated to the fact that marijuana is not a drug. Marijuana is an herb and a flower. God put it here. If He put it here and He wants it to grow, what gives the government the right to say that God is wrong?" (Willie Nelson) Marijuana is a psychoactive product, meaning that it interacts with the central nervous system and can alter perception, mood and behavior. It is widely and illegally used by many people all over the world. Marijuana is used for its euphoric feeling and pleasure when smoked, but also for its medical purposes. Marijuana comes from two main flowering plants, Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Sativa plants are generally tall, thin plants with narrow leaves and a rather light green color. They are natively grown in Mexico, Colombia, Thailand and Southeast Asia. In contrast, Indica plants grow in hash producing countries like Afghanistan, Morocco and Tibet. They are shorter, have broader leaves and usually look bushier than Sativa plants. Sativa plants are used more often for smoking, and said to have a stronger effect than the Indica plant. Such plants usually grow in the wild, but some people illegally grow marijuana in their homes, using special lights and growing tools. There are many substances in marijuana, over 400 known. The substance that creates a person to get ?high? while smoking marijuana is called THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is a type of cannabinoid which is a strong chemical in the plant, found in the flower or buds, stems and leaves. The higher content of THC is usually found in the buds, the most smoked part of marijuana. When weed is smoked, the THC goes straight through the blood stream, into the lungs and the brain. People usually start to feel ?hi... ...ers are also used to roll loose marijuana. The filled cigar or swisher would be split in the middle, emptied and the marijuana would be added and then the blunt would be rolled. Other popular smoking items are water pipes, or bongs and just normal pipes. Bongs filter out the marijuana through the water and most of the THC is inhaled. Pipes come in many different shapes, colors and sizes and are sold at just about any smoke shop. Vaporizers are also used, mostly for medical purposes though, which filter out the marijuana but are very costly. Pot does not always have to be smoked. It can be cooked into foods or even made into teas. Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. After many centuries of using marijuana, it has become a trend for many people. It is smoked around the world today, and just about anyone can get their hands on this drug.

Ethical Leadership and How to Create a Positive Work Environment Essay

Leadership nowadays has encountered various problems. One of the most common one and which is contaminating the main business environment is that individuals at work are not engaging as they should. We have to ask ourselves, why is this happening and how can we prevent it? Dr. Charmine Hartel commented in the seminar that almost 20% of all the active workers in every organization do not work in favor of it. Instead they engage against the organization in various ways. This is a really big issue, because this means that there is something happening inside the organization and its leadership that is making these counter-productive acts. Recent researches that have been made show us that there are 3 different things that usually happens in the organization that get the workers to engage in a bad way their work as they should. * Work Environment * Negative Work Environment * Stress When the brain is under stress chemicals are released that weakens functions of the brain that gives us a higher level of structure (this is called the prefrontal cortex). When stressed, we are likely to engage inappropriate actions and lack the ability to regulate our emotions. With this in mind, we are encountering serious problems for the organization, because if these workers don’t have the use of their brain area they are not going to be able to engage the work they can and should do. Ethical Leadership The fruits of ethical leadership are Positive Work Environments, also known as PWE’s. PWEÂ ´s exists when the workers see their places as positive, respectful, inclusive and psychologically safe, and when leaders and coworkers are trustworthy and there exist an open diversity characterized in just policies and decision making. The entire above are needed to complete and get a PWE. PWE provides the set of emotional experiences necessary for human flourishing. We know that on average the positive emotional experiences outweigh the negative emotional ones. So, with this in mind, when you see your environment is safeyou have the ability to start being more creative and start being yourself. We should always keep in mind that an emotion is a response of the person when they have a particular event. They can have Destructive or constructive consequences. Organizations are responsible for the work environment they create. This is called the organization culture. When people and how the people interpreted the environment around their workplace. This is about how the organization context shapes the meaning and actions of its members. People management have the need to build resilience, diversity openness and be able to create a support to people trough change. There always exists the need to belong and to be valued for our uniqueness. Servant Leadership Many leadership approaches think about other things and focus their attention on what the followers need and develop things around them. Its an approach around the about the energy and direct it to the best place. With that in mind looking at the person as a whole being, not just as one more worker. One of the key things is that they can understand the core value of the workers and respect them as they deserve. There exist the emotion focus coping and problem focused coping they both have constructive and destructive emotions and impulses. The Giving Voice of Values (GVV) is designed to help individuals learn to recognize, clarify, speak and act on themselves when those conflicts arise. The focus is on how a manager raises this issues in an effective way.

Essay on justice essays

Essay on justice essays What is justice? This may seem like a simple question to answer but for many in todays society it is not. Individuals throughout society have their own distinctive explanation of justice. It is a word in which, to every person, has a different meaning. Although "Justice" has a vast list of meanings, it can somewhat be defined. Loosely, it can be defined as the principal of fairness and the ideal of moral equity. (Schmalleger 6.0, pg 706) Justice is at the center of every debate, involving our criminal justice system, because of its vast majority of definitions. Although the definitions are vast and complicated, what justice means to me is being punished for a crime that was committed. Seeing that the offender pays for what they have done. This so called punishment usually entails some type of prison sentence or maybe even the death penalty. For many people justice has the same meaning. But is it justice if a person kills another because that person previously hurt his or her child, or what about someone else who killed someone accidentally or in self-defense? Is justice taking an eye for an eye? How exactly should the punishment fit the crime? These are questions that make society question which form of justice to agree with. Although I believe that punishment should fit the crime, I do not agree with it to the extent of an eye for an eye. This scenario is not justice to me because two wrongs do not make a right. I believe a person should be punished to the fullest extent for a crime, but there are certain ways to go about accomplishing th is. As a professional in the criminal justice system I will strive to see that every person is punished for the crime that they have committed, to the extent that they deserve to be. This is how our laws work now, for the most part. Justice is usually set up and carried out by our police, courts, and other law making officials in our soci ...

Individual Assignment The Introduction To Hospitality Tourism Essay Essays

Individual Assignment The Introduction To Hospitality Tourism Essay Essays Individual Assignment The Introduction To Hospitality Tourism Essay Paper Individual Assignment The Introduction To Hospitality Tourism Essay Paper the usage of computing machines in travel bureaus and sophisticated databases for selling intents are now ordinary. Increase in competition within the industry will coerce organisations to utilize new engineering to the full. New developments in transit make extended usage of new engineering, for illustration the Channel Tunnel, the progresss in aircraft design and opening up new long-hall finishs. Then more develop coach is ace VIP coach. This is dwelling of all the service to the riders. So the riders can bask the traveling period. Furthermore, another factor is, the engineering develops until the riders or the clients can acquire the information of the travel and touristry industry in cyberspace. The peculiar bureau will update all the information in web so the clients can look into easy all the information about their circuit and can easy reach to the peculiar bureau. This makes the bureau celebrated among the people because all over the universe can entree their information and can see to the peculiar bureau. At the same clip besides help the clients to acquire all their information in item and faster excessively. Cultural and environmental factors besides affect the travel and touristry industry. In the 1980s saw the outgrowth in Britain of a greater environmental consciousness and a society that was get downing to take its wellness and fittingness earnestly. These factors are likely to stay of import influences on travel and touristry developments in the hereafter with alleged green issues high on the docket. The political facet besides affects this industry. The security concerns over travel have had a serious impact on the travel and touristry industry. Which are taking to increased concern failures in certain state of affairs if the authorities neer invent in this industry. The authorities must provides all the services to assist the industry such as prepare a good route for travel and railroad paths for the tracks travel so the travel and touristry industry can easy can safely go. Then the pick of finish besides affects this industry. Most of the client likes to go for a celebrated and gratifying topographic point. So they must convey out the travel and touristry to a celebrated popular topographic point, which got a high demand among the people. Then choose of topographic point should be harmonizing to the age group. If want to transport on a travel and touristry, must be a topographic point where got a tonss of merriment and amusement but if want to transport on for veterans agencies topographic point should be suited for them. So they can bask the travel with fullest and the affect besides will be the positive type. Other than age group class at that place got other group class besides, such as leisure clients, concern clients, independent travellers, bundle tourists. So the travel and touristry must be transporting on harmonizing to deferent types clients. Besides that, the regulation and ordinance besides will impact the travel and touristry industry. The travel that s traveling to transport should be following the all the regulations and ordinances that the authorities stated and the peculiar topographic point stated. So it will neer impact the clients of them. For illustration, if the touristry topographic point stated that can non convey camera or picture indoors means they should state earlier to their client so they may follow the regulations and will non impact the bureau besides. If non the bureau may impact because did non follow the regulations and ordinance. While the clients besides wont regard to the bureau. At the terminal the clients wo nt back up for the peculiar industry. The travel and touristry that traveling to transport on besides should be suited for the season. Because the clients are ever like to go to different finish in a different season. So should transport on the right travel and touristry event at the correct season. If non it will impact alt the industry. The client may non will back up the bureau because they are non giving what they want and they wo nt fulfill with them at all. At last the nutrient and drink besides will impact the industry, even is non a large issue and of import in a travel and touristry industry. The nutrients that they provide to the clients should be good nutrients which is non expired or spoiled. If non the client may acquire choler with their service and will acquire letdown with their service. So if a travel and touristry industry wants to be success agencies, they should see all the component of the travel and touristry. And must fix earlier for everything with full of good service for their client s satisfact ion. Decision hypertext transfer protocol: //t3.gstatic.com/images? q=tbn: ANd9GcSbpXEn1MNc3WlR1eNL_Y7lEYmix5zdVH5pPapH0B3n3gHJT1lhAs the decision, we have learnt about the significance of cordial reception and the phases of cordial reception industry development from traditional to advanced phase and learnt that cordial reception direction means how to provide for people in a friendly and cheerful mode to enable the guest appreciate in services. Besides that, we have learnt about the significance and the importance of housekeeping Department in hotel, motel, guest how we have learn about the interdepartmental co-operations among assorted sections of the hotel and the importance of hotel industry in our society. Furthermore, we besides learnt the significance and types of non-commercial cordial reception direction and the type of organisation that is available. Last we have learnt and understood the significance of the layout in cordial reception industry and the necessary and of import factors to see when program to set up this industry. A A Bibliography Website reference Anon. , 2011. Hospitality industry Profs from the American. [ Online ] Available at: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //lists.nextmark.com/market ; jsessionid=BB3F819354646B9A37718ECCB0E2526C? page=order/online/datacard A ; id=260943 gt ; [ Accessed on 25 February 2011 ] Fareeha. , nd. Disadvantage of hotel industry. [ Online ] Available at: lt ; .http: //www.maybenow.com/disadvantage-of-hotel-industry-q23973921 gt ; [ Accessed on 17 February 2011 ] Johnston, A. , 2010. Definition of cordial reception industry. [ Online ] Available at: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinemark.com/a/definition-of-hospitality-industry/ # ixzz1H2u8jXGa gt ; [ Accessed on 13 March 2011 ] Anon. , nd. The travel and touristry industry. [ Online ] Available at: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/FEAndVocational/TravelAndTourism/ALevel/ASGCETravelAndTourism/Samples/Sampleunit/ASTTDoubleEdexcelUnit1.pdf gt ; [ Accessed on 15 March 2011 Shlotta. , 2009. Factors impacting travel and touristry industry. [ Online ] Available at: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.antiessays.com/free-essays/39975. hypertext markup language gt ; [ Accessed on 25 February 2011 ]

Discussion Board 2-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 2-2 - Assignment Example According to the four stage response cycle of Masters and Johnson, women are usually ready for re-arousal at the resolution phase and may need continuation of sexual intercourse. Men on the hand tend to face difficulty in attaining sexual re-arousal after resolution phase (Rathus, Nevid & Fitchner-Rathus, 2014). This disparity may leave some women feel sexual dissatisfaction from their male partners. Having such understanding can help counselors to advice men facing criticism from their female sexual partners for not satisfying sexual needs of the latter. With the understanding, counselor can educate criticized men to practice holding their ejaculation by temporarily stopping sexual intercourse to allow their mates time to attain orgasm. When attaining plateau phase as contained in the four stage response cycle of Masters and Johnson, vagina of women depict preparedness to receive penis by contracting to cause erogenous feeling on penis (Rathus, Nevid & Fitchner-Rathus, 2014). The vagina also becomes wet to signalize lubrication of the pathway for entrance of penis. When at the plateau phase, men on the other side tend to produce seminal fluids that appear at the tip of penis. In addition, the coral ridge around the penis also expands in circumference. Understanding such concepts can help counselors train couples about proper timing as to when to begin intercourse to drive maximum

The Historical Development of the Bureaucracy Essay

The Historical Development of the Bureaucracy - Essay Example Political scientists have identified four major periods in the history of American bureaucracy. The first, called the Government by Gentlemen (1789 - 1820), was marked by the dominance of people from elite families in the professional bureaucracy. In the next period (1830-1870), the bureaucratic positions were filled up by members of the major political parties that were lucky to win the presidential elections. In this connection, the number of people from middle and lower strata of society among the officials has dramatically increased. Many progressive changes were introduced into bureaucracy in 1880-1920 - it was reformed with the focus on balanced, rational administration. The fourth period that coincided with the period of contemporary history deepened depoliticization and professionalization of the bureaucracy. Its formation is now conditioned by competitive selection (Merit System). At the end of the 20th century, the number of federal employees in the United States has reache d 3 million people. 90% of all job positions were filled solely through a competitive process. In recent times the bureaucracy is regulated by a number of decrees and laws imposing specific legal and ethical standards, for instance, the U.S. President’s Executive Order of October 17, 1990 - Principles of Ethical Conduct for Government Officers and Employees. One of the provisions runs that public service is a sphere of activity that excludes any personal or other financial interests that can prevent acting in good faith.

Accounting i a subjective subject Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting i a subjective subject - Essay Example A theory'Ã'• Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'• aÃ'• a theory dependÃ'• on itÃ'• value to uÃ'•erÃ'• in explaining and predicting eventÃ'•.AÃ'• of now there iÃ'• not one theory in accounting that can be called "The Accounting Theory," aÃ'• no one theory can currently explain and/or Ã'•ucceÃ'•Ã'•fully predict all accounting phenomena. However, the paper doeÃ'• take into account the potential value of the poÃ'•itive theory of accounting and itÃ'• limitationÃ'•. Finally, the paper attemptÃ'• to aÃ'•Ã'•eÃ'•Ã'• the need for an accounting theory and to determine whether we need one.If it iÃ'• to be comprehenÃ'•ible and reliable, accounting muÃ'•t be uÃ'•ed in accordance with Ã'•pecific ruleÃ'• and regulationÃ'•. It would be chaoÃ'• of Babylonian proportionÃ'• if each perÃ'•on uÃ'•ed hiÃ'• own grammar and vocabulary - nobody would underÃ'•tand anybody elÃ'•e. LikewiÃ'•e, it iÃ'• eÃ'•Ã'•ential that accounting iÃ'• uÃ'•ed acc ording to generally accepted ruleÃ'•. (ThomaÃ'• , 2003, 10)The hiÃ'•tory of accounting iÃ'• aÃ'• old aÃ'• civilization, key to important phaÃ'•eÃ'• of hiÃ'•tory, among the moÃ'•t important profeÃ'•Ã'•ionÃ'• in economicÃ'• and buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•, and faÃ'•cinating. AccountantÃ'• participated in the development of citieÃ'•, trade, and the conceptÃ'• of wealth and numberÃ'•. AccountantÃ'• invented writing, participated in the development of money and banking, invented double entry bookkeeping that fueled the Italian RenaiÃ'•Ã'•ance, Ã'•aved many InduÃ'•trial Revolution inventorÃ'• and entrepreneurÃ'• from bankruptcy, helped develop the confidence in capital marketÃ'• neceÃ'•Ã'•ary for weÃ'•tern capitaliÃ'•m, and are central to the information revolution... Big buine required capital market that depended on accurate and ueful information. Thi wa upplied by the expanding accounting profeion. Today, a global real-time integrated information ytem i a near reality, uggeting new accounting paradigm. Undertanding hitory i needed to develop the linkage to predict thi future. The firt prerequiite i that accounting hould agree or conform with the baic truth according to which our economic ytem function; the current economic and buine practice and the applicable law a embodied in legilative regulation or common law. Conequently, it i important that uniformity i maintained in accounting practice; in other word, a pecific et of circumtance, wherever it may be encountered mut be dealt with by everyone in exactly the ame way within the accounting proce. Accounting theory create a framework that enure that accounting practice complie with the requirement of conformity and uniformity. Thi theory i embodied in a et of principle, policie, method, procedure and convention. The continuouly increaing cope and complexity of our economic ytem require a correponding proce of adaptation in accounting in order that the relevant information regarding economic activitie may be recorded. It i eential that everyone involved in accounting hould undertand thi proce of adaptation; moreover, a prerequiite for uch undertanding i a grap of not only the theory of accounting, but alo the tructure of that theory. (Thoma , 2003, 10) Accounting theory i baed on a et of baic economic truth that are of a dual nature. Firt, accounting theory i baed on propoition generally accepted in the economic order of a particular ociety. For example, conider the

U.S. History Essay Example for Free

U.S. History Essay 1. ) From the turn of the Century to the entrance of America into World War II, American government and its relationship to the people changed drastically. At times the change was slow, at times it was very rapid. Explain the changes that took place both practically and philosophically. By the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution transformed the economy and society of the United States. In the 1870s, machines replaced human labor, new sources of energy were found, and manufacturing replaced agriculture as the primary economic activity. The conversion of the United States into a developed country happened mainly behind the Civil War and based on the British representation. New ways of thinking about government, science, economics, and religion had brought many changes to America since then up to the nineteenth century. Concern for individual freedoms became so strong that it led to revolution in many lands. In Britain’s American colonies, revolution brought the establishment of a new nation, the United States. The Americans had declared their independence but still had to win it. They had capable leaders and were strengthened by their dedication to the cause of liberty. The Americans emerged victorious from the Revolutionary War and adopted a plan of government that became a model for other nations. This was then recognized as the Second Industrial Revolution, which was shared by both the United States and Germany. The First Industrial Revolution actually changed the route and accelerated the growth of the American economy. On the other hand, the Second Revolution modernized that economy to become full-fledged industrial economy. In the 1900s, gradually Americans, both immigrant and native-born, began to achieve a better standard of living. They saved their money, bought homes, and gave their children an education. Thousands became part of a growing middle class that the expanding economy had helped create. Middle-class communities arose in the suburbs outside the cities. During the early 1900s, organizations were established to help various groups improve their lives. The expanding economy had opened up jobs for women, for example, and increasing independence helped fuel a movement for women’s rights. The National American Woman Suffrage Association was organized although it was not until 1920 that women throughout the nation were allowed to vote. In 1909, black leaders formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in an effort to ensure the rights of black Americans. Reformers were also able to win passage of a number of important laws. Many state and local laws, for example, tried to improve housing, education, and working conditions. As the United States grew stronger economically, its leaders continued to favor a policy of expansion. The rapid growth of industry created a need for markets for American manufactured goods and a need for raw materials. Moreover, several prominent Americans believed that expansion would demonstrate American power and greatness. It was the destiny of the United States, they argued, to become a great power, and this meant extending American influence to other lands and raising the American flag on distant shores. Many Latin Americans resented the growing influence and power of the United States. They felt their neighbor to the north had turned from a protector to an aggressor. By its role in the Caribbean, however, the United States revealed its strength as a nation. In only a little more than a century it had grown from an infant republic to a major power in international affairs including its big role in the two world wars. In the aftermath of the war and the peace settlements, there were widespread political and territorial changes. Idealistic plans for peace were advanced, but bitter feelings and resentment in many nations worked against a permanent peace. World War I, called by many â€Å"The Great War,† was a crucial turning point in world history. The changes that it brought about and the problems that it created continued long after the fighting ended. The Versailles Treaty became controversial, and the war took a devastating toll of soldiers and civilians. The ground-breaking outcome though was then the Nineteenth Amendment became law in the United States in 1920. This law gave the women the right to vote. In the 1920s, the United States was prospering. The decade after the Great War brought far-reaching changes to American life. The economy crossed the threshold of magnificent-though-jagged-growth. Driven by the good times and an aspiration to be modern, a great number of Americans took on innovative attitudes and standards of living. The assembly-line methods for producing cars had were used in the production of other goods for consumers. Profits of American businesses soared, and the standard of living increased for many people. People all over the world are beginning to seize the opportunity for self-rule, which is a pillar of democracy popularized by the United States. The mounting tribalism has been connected with the revolution in telecommunications because it makes everything transparent. We can all monitor the process of a massive move to self-rule, and check the excesses if we want to. With telecommunications and computers, big companies are working best now if divided up into autonomous small units. The breakup of countries into tribal entities is surely as beneficial as the beneficial of companies. This autonomy is an upshot of democracy that America is bringing to every society there is around the globe. Though the rise of the United States meant the proliferation of democracies in the world, still more people have preferred to use a different kind of freedom to develop leftists in themselves. Then again, the infamous 9/11 incident in America is a clear testament that world leadership of only one country proves that world politics has not yet departed from the ancient political practice of Imperialism. 2. ) What had a greater impact on America in the post war period – foreign policy (the Cold War, Korea, Vietnam, etc.) or domestic issues (the Civil Rights Movement, Free Speech Movement, etc. ) The United States was gradually drawn into the war as part of its Cold War against international communism. The successes of the Vietcong and insatiability of South Vietnam worried United States leaders. Fear of the spread of communism in Asia as well as in Europe involved the United States in war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia as a whole. Successive American presidents from Eisenhower to Nixon poured more and more aid, troops and war equipment to keep the North from conquering South Vietnam (Berman, 1982). Determined to prevent the spread of communism, the United States had set up the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954. The so-called Second Vietnam War (1954-1975) was significant led to America’s first defeat in a foreign war and ended American prestige as a world power. The United States, by deserting its ally, South Vietnam, in the darkest hour of its need, has lost face. The tall, rich but decadent Americans had lost to the small, poor but determined Asians One of the issues of increasing concern in the postwar years was the civil rights or the movement to gain equality for black Americans. Blacks had benefited from the nation’s growing prosperity, and urban blacks in particular had greater earning power and a wider choice of jobs. Indeed, the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s had a substantial influence on the country’s economy but still, social and economic discrimination continued. Civil rights leaders waged a struggle against discrimination and segregation. Leaders of the movement turned to the federal courts and were successful in overturning an 1896 Court decision that allowed â€Å"separate but equal† schools for black students. The court ordered schools to end segregation with â€Å"all deliberate speed. †

Tag-derived Simple Sequence Repeat Markers of Olive

Tag-derived Simple Sequence Repeat Markers of Olive Identification and functional annotation of expressed sequence Tag-Derived Simple Sequence Repeat Markers of olive (Olea europaea) Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important oil producing crops in world, the genetic identification of several genotypes by using molecular markers is the first step in breeding programs. A large number of Olea europaea expressed sequence tags (ESTs) 11,215 were done from the NCBI database and used to search for microsatellites. Our result Explained that 8295 SSRs were present and its percentage of occurrence which about 77.6%,11.84%,8.62%,0.84%,0.77% and 0.29% for Mononucleotide, trinucleotide, dinucleotide, hexanucleotide, pentanucleotide and tetranucleotide respectively. The appearance of the AAG/CTT repeat was highly percentage in trinucleotide and percentage of AG/CT was highly in dinucleotide repeats. By using flanking region of SSRs repeat we designed 1,801 EST-SSR primer pairs. The result obtained from Functional annotation of olive EST sequences containing SSRs indicated that 81% of these sequence having homology with known proteins, while 1.55% was homologou s to hypothetical or unknown proteins and the 17.37% sequences did not possess homology with any known proteins. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation revealed that EST containing SSRs were implicated in diverse biological process include cellular and metabolic process, while in molecular function includes catalytic activity, binding and enzyme regulator activity. A total of 93 different pathways were significant matches in the KEGG database, which divided onto Carbohydrate metabolism such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and the Energy metabolism such as Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organism pathway, also this included 11 different pathways from Lipid metabolism such as Fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. We isolate a genomic DNA from 9 olive cultivars and tested with 25 random selected primer pairs for amplification and polymorphism detection. All tested primers, exhibited successfully amplified and detected polymorphism. Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most superannuated and important long lived fruit species in Mediterranean [1], its diploid species (2n = 2x = 46), and the genome size range between 2.90 pg/2C and 3.07 pg/2C, with 1C = 1,400 1,500 Mbp [2]. Olea europaea is one of the first domesticated crops from Oleaceae family, and it cultivated for table olives and edible oil [3], a long history of olive cultivation in the Middle East was descriptions by archaeology and botanists [4]. The olive cultivars are high of number that more than 1200 cultivars [5], also the accessions are available in a large numbers in olive producing countries, that occurrence a problems for germplasm preservation and it management [6]. The genetic identification and characterizing of several genotypes by using molecular markers is the first step in breeding programs [7], and by increased rate of mutation in microsatellites repeats that show a highly level of length polymorphism [8]. With the improvement and increasing of DNA sequencing technology, sequencing of expressed gene are used to obtain a large collection of EST which are isolated from a specific tissue and stage on organism [3]. Recent EST-SSR studies have reported that the EST is uses a source of SSRs and that reveal highly polymorphism [9]. EST sequences Available in public database and by using bioinformatics tools can determine and development of SSR markers in that EST sequences [10]. In olive that can be allow to development of new functional marker and use it in molecular breeding [11]. Also it can use as useful tools for gene and marker discovery, gene mapping and functional comparative studies. EST-SSRs recently reported in several plant species, such as Musa [12], Finger Millet [13], Jatropha Curcas [14], Pineapple [15], Celery [16], Lettuce [17], Barley [18], Radish [19], Citrus [20], Watermelon [21], Sugarcane [22], grapes [23], Cereal species [24] and bread wheat [25]. A large number of EST sequences in olive are available on database it can be a useful resource to develop gene based markers. The aim of this study was to use bioinformatics tools to develop and identify a new genic marker EST-SSR in Olive, to compare the frequency and distribution of different repeat types in genic sequences. Also determine the localization of these primers in different pathways in plant, to use it as tools to differences between the olive cultivars. The Source of Sequence, screening and primer designing of microsatellites. EST database used a source of olive EST sequences from NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). A total of 11,215 ESTs sequences of Olea europaea are available and used in this study. Identification of SSRs by using the perl script MISA (MIcroSAtellite identification tool; http://pgrc.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/).The criteria used to determine SSR repeat were: mononucleotide ≠¥ 10, dinucleotide ≠¥ 6, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide, pentanucleotide, and hexanucleotide ≠¥ 5, and the maximal number of bases interrupting two SSRs in a compound microsatellite are 100 bp. The flanking region of SSR motifs used to design SSR primers by using primer3_core [26]. The parameters used were: optimum length of primer 20 nucleotides, optimum annealing temperature (Tm) of 58 °C, expected amplified products size of 100-500 bp and optimum G/C content 50 %. Validation of designed primer For primer validation, we designed 25 EST-SSR primers and test these primers on 9 olive cultivars. Total genomic DNA was extracted from olive leaves using Plant Genomic DNA Kit (QiGen). PCR amplification was conducted in 25  µ l reactions containing 50 ng of template DNA, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 5  µ l 5X PCR buffer, 0.5 mM each primer, 0.5 U Taq DNA polymerase, and 2.5 mM dNTPs. The PCR cycling profile was 94 °C for 5 min, 35 cycles at 94 °C for 45 s, the optimum annealing temperature for each primer pair shown on (Table S1) for 50 s, 72 °C for 45 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The quality of the PCR product was checked by mixing it with an equal volume of loading buffer and then visualizing the band on a 1.5% agarose gel in TBE buffer at 100 W for 120 min. Identification of EST-SSRs Putative Function annotation The putative function annotation of EST sequences contains SSR performed by used Blast2go program [27] to BLAST against a reference database. Also blast2go program are containing many features such as Gene Ontology (GO), Enzyme Commission (EC), and KEGG annotation. Distribution of various repeat type in olive Our result referred to 4,088 EST sequences about 36.45% from 11,215 of Olea europaea EST sequences as containing 8,295 various motif SSRs that Due to the EST sequences maybe contain more than one SSR motif (Table 1), and this number based on the criteria we used it to identify SSR motifs in the EST sequence. The investigation of different types of SSR repeats in our result showed that the highest percentage of appearance mononucleotide repeats were 77.64%, followed by trinucleotide 11.84%, dinucleotide 8.62%, hexanucleotide 0.84%, pentanucleotide 0.77% and tetranucleotide 0.29% (Fig. 1). The higher abundant of trinucleotide in coding regions were consistent with the previous studies in eukaryotic genomes [28, 31]. In mononucleotide A/T repeats 88.8% were higher than the G/C 11.2% motifs, and these results were proportionate with SSRs analysis of chloroplast SSRs on Olea species [29] and with SSRs analysis of major cereal organelle genome [28]. GA motifs were representing 55% from dinucleotide motifs in olive EST sequences. According to previously studies from foxtail millet [31], barley, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat [30], GA motifs were the most abundant motifs in these crops. AG/CT and GA/TC motifs were the most frequent respectively and CG motifs the lowest frequencies were found in olive, this case reported in the distribution of microsatellites on three different plant families that Brassicaceae, Solanaceae and Poaceae [32]. Dinucleotide motif can represent to multiple codons that depending on the reading frame and can translate into different amino acids such as, AG/CT motif can represent AGA, GAG, CUC and UCU codons in mRNA and translate into the amino acids Glu, Arg, Leu and Ala respe ctively, Ala and Leu were present in protein at higher frequencies, hence the higher incidence of GA, CT motifs in the EST sequences [33]. This could be one of the reasons why GA, CT motifs are present at such highly appearance in EST collections [34], dinucleotide repeats that located on coding regions are more sensitive to any change such as any addition or deletion because that causes a frame shifts and will give different amino acids [35]. As for trinucleotide TCT, TTC were the most common repeat motif in olive EST (Table 2), While AAG/CTT motifs were the most common in chloroplast of Olea species SSRs [29], however, in other crops such as barley, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat CCG or AAC were the most common trinucleotide repeat [30]. Our results revealed that tetranucleotide motifs AATC, CTTT are the most common; however the most common in Olea species SSRs chloroplast were AAAG, CTTT [29]. Pentanucleotide and hexanucleotide AAAAT and GAAAAA respectively are the most common repeat motif in our results while [29] found AATCC was the most common on pentanucleotide in Olea species SSRs chloroplast and hexanucleotide was not found. Design and validate of EST-SSR In this study, we designed 1,801 PCR primer pairs from the 8295 SSR motifs of Olea europaea EST, The designed primers were referred as Oe-ESSR_xxxx, where Oe-ESSR referred to Olea europaea EST SSR, xxxx was referred the number of EST-SSR from 1-1801 and that different of the previously SSR primers designed from chloroplast sequences of Olea species [29]. This primers were listed in the (Table S1), and provide with all information related it such as Primer name, GenInfo Identifier gi number of EST sequence, Repeat type, Repeat Sequence, Length of Repeat, Repeat start on sequence, Repeat end on sequence, Forward and Reveres Primer, Tm ( °C), Length of Primer (bp), product Length (bp), sequence of EST, Sequence Description, gene ontology, Enzyme code and Enzyme Name. We use a sample of 25 primers randomly from these 1,801 EST-SSR primers to validate it by using a genomic DNA isolated from 9 olive cultivars. All tested primers, exhibited successfully amplified and detected polymorphism (Fig. 2). Putative Function annotation of EST-SSRs The putative function annotation of the EST sequences containing SSR performed by used Blast2go program [27]. According to the Blast2go result, 81% from EST sequence as homology with known proteins, while hypothetical or unknown proteins were 1.55%, and 17.37% of this EST sequences did not homology with any known proteins. The gene ontology of olive EST sequences containing SSRs using Blast2GO revealed that in the biological processes, the highly appearance of SSR were involved in cellular processes, metabolic, response to stimulus, biological regulation and developmental process, while Signaling, rhythmic processes and growth had the lowest SSR contents among these EST. The molecular function category includes catalytic activity and binding, while cell membrane and organelle were assigned in the cellular component category (Fig. 3). The Similar results were found on functional annotation of the citrus and date palm EST sequences containing SSRs [20, 36]. Our results agreement with t he similar results obtained in [20] which suggested that genes were involved in protein metabolism and biosynthesis were well conserved in plants. Functional classification by KEGG pathway analyses The KEGG Pathway analysis is useful tool to understand the molecular interaction and biological functions [37]. Our study exhibited a total of 93 different pathways include 253 enzymes target by 381 EST-SSR primers were significant matches in the KEGG database (Table S2), this data can Visualization by using circos software [38] (fig. 4). The higher occurrence of SSR on pathways indicated a good potential for using these molecular markers to targeting the enzyme related to the trait subjected in our study. This EST sequences contain SSR were categorized into metabolism, as well as its subcategories, including lipid metabolism (Table 3), carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. In details, the mapping result can further investigated against the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (Fig. 5), Oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 6) and Fatty acid degradation (Fig. 7) pathways as an example of Carbohydrate metabolism, Energy metabolism and Lipid metabolism respectively. Conclusion SSR markers are very important because it is co-dominant, highly polymorphic and can generate from functional regions of the genome. EST-SSR technique have the potential to generate phenotypically linked functional markers and a useful tool can use on genetic diversity, marker assisted selection and genome mapping in olive. This study exhibited the functional categorization of olive EST sequences containing SSR revealed that these ESTs representing in genes with cellular component, biological process and molecular function. This EST-SSR primers also providing with useful information to understand the biological functions and genes interactions according to the localization of this primers in different pathways related to possible phenotypic differences between the olive cultivars. References Gaby E, Mbanjo N, Tchoumbougnang F, Mouelle AS, Oben JE, Nyine M, et al. Development of expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats ( EST-SSRs ) for Musa and their applicability in authentication of a Musa breeding population. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012;11(71):13546–59. Naga BLRI, Mangamoori LN, Subramanyam S. Identification and characterization of EST-SSRs in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). J Crop Sci Biotechnol. 2012;15(10):9–16. Wen M, Wang H, Xia Z, Zou M, Lu C, Wang W. Development of EST-SSR and genomic-SSR markers to assess genetic diversity in Jatropha Curcas L. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3:42. Wo T. In silico mining for simple sequence repeat loci in a pineapple expressed sequence tag database and cross-species amplification of EST-SSR markers across Bromeliaceae. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;123:635–47. Fu N, Wang PY, Liu XD, Shen HL. Use of EST-SSR markers for evaluating genetic diversity and fingerprinting celery (apium graveolens l cultivars. Molecules. 2014;19:1939–55. Simko I. Development of EST-SSR markers for the study of population structure in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J Hered. 2009;100(2):256–62. Zhang M, Mao W, Zhang G, Wu F. Development and characterization of polymorphic ESTSSR and genomic SSR markers for tibetan annual wild barley. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):1–10. Nakatsuji R, Hashida T, Matsumoto N, Tsuro M, Kubo N. Development of genomic and EST-SSR markers in radish ( Raphanus sativus L .). Breed Sci. 2011;61:413–9. Liu S, Li W, Long D, Hu C, Zhang J. Development and Characterization of Genomic and Expressed SSRs in Citrus by Genome-Wide Analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):1–10. Campus P. Development of EST-SSRs in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) and their transferability to Cucumis spp. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol. 2008;83(6):732–6. Pinto LR, Oliveira KM, Ulian EC, Garcia AAF, de Souza AP. Survey in the sugarcane expressed sequence tag database (SUCEST) for simple sequence repeats. Genome. 2004;47:795–804. Scott KD, Eggler P, Seaton G, Rossetto M, Ablett EM, Lee LS, et al. Analysis of SSRs derived from grape ESTs. TAG Theor Appl Genet. 2000;100:723–6. Varshney RK, Thiel T, Stein N, Langridge P, Graner A. In silico analysis on frequency and distribution of microsatellites in ESTs of some cereal species. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2002;7:537–46. Gupta PK, Rustgi S, Sharma S, Singh R, Kumar N, Balyan HS. Transferable EST-SSR markers for the study of polymorphism and genetic diversity in bread wheat. Mol Genet Genomics. 2003;270:315–23. Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T, Ye J, Faircloth BC, Remm M, et al. Primer3-new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40(15):1–12. Conesa A, Gà ¶tz S, Garcà ­a-Gà ³mez JM, Terol J, Talà ³n M, Robles M. Blast2GO: A universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics. 2005;21(18):3674–6. Rajendrakumar P, Biswal AK, Balachandran SM, Sundaram RM. In silico analysis of microsatellites in organellar genomes of major cereals for understanding their phylogenetic relationships. In Silico Biol. 2008;8:87–104. Filiz E, Koc I. In Silico chloroplast SSRs mining of Olea species. BIODIVERSITAS. 2012;13(3):114–7. Kantety R V., La Rota M, Matthews DE, Sorrells ME. Data mining for simple sequence repeats in expressed sequence tags from barley, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat. Plant Mol Biol. 2002;48:501–10. Jia XP, Shi YS, Song YC, Wang GY, Wang TY, Li Y. Development of EST-SSR in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2007;54:233–6. Da Maia LC, De Souza VQ, Kopp MM, De Carvalho FIF, De Oliveira AC. Tandem repeat distribution of gene transcripts in three plant families. Genet Mol Biol. 2009;32:822–33. Lewin B, Dover G. Genes v. Oxford University Press Oxford; 1994. Cho YG, Ishii T, Temnykh S, Chen X, Lipovich L, McCouch SR, et al. Diversity of microsatellites derived from genomic libraries and GenBank sequences in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). TAG Theor Appl Genet. 2000;100:713–22. Metzgar D, Bytof J, Wills C. Selection against frameshift mutations limits microsatellite expansion in coding DNA. Genome Res. 2000;10:72–80. Zhao Y, Williams R, Prakash CS, He G. Identification and characterization of gene-based SSR markers in date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L .). BMC Plant Biology; 2012;12:237 Li D, Deng Z, Qin B, Liu X, Men Z. De novo assembly and characterization of bark transcriptome using Illumina sequencing and development of EST-SSR markers in rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell . Arg .). BMC Genomics. 2012;13:192. Krzywinski M, Schein J, Birol I, Connors J, Krzywinski M, Schein J, et al. Circosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: An information aesthetic for comparative genomics Circosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: An information aesthetic for comparative genomics. Genome Res. 2009;19:1639–45.

Global Markets vs. Local Realities Essay examples -- Consumption Econo

Global Markets vs. Local Realities "What happens to commodities when they cross cultural borders?" Howes' recent edited volume, Cross-Cultural Consumption, sets out explicitly to answer this very question. Through a diverse and highly accessible set of collected papers, inspired and adapted from a special issue of Anthropogie et Sociitis on "Culture and Consumption," the reader finds an excellent introduction to the major themes in the anthropological approach to consumption. Situated squarely within the booming literature on the globalization of consumer society, the papers in this volume are expressly geared towards students of consumer studies from a range of disciplines. Howes makes his objectives clear - this book is actually intended as a teaching tool (p.8), which likely accounts for its notable clarity. Unlike many similar ventures, Howes et. al.'s pedagological approach allows him to openly pose a set of ethical questions by way of conclusion, challenging the reader to actively reflect on the issues raised in the various chapters. That "cultures and goods stand in a relation of complex interdependence" (p.1), is by now a widely recognized feature of consumer studies in anthropology. Using this perspective as premise, the papers in this volume address the interface between the local and the global. Ulf Hannerz's popular "Creolization Paradigm" provides the appropriate framework for discussion. After rejecting the polar extremes of global homogenization and local fragmentation, Howes reifies another persistent dichotomy: that real and constructed distinction between the West and the rest'. Although the world of commodity flows presents multiple opportunities for various border crossings, it is this primary division... ...early the full range of themes which make up the corpus of anthropological studies of consumption, the authors sacrifice to some extent the coherence a more limited project might have produced. Taken together, the chapters in this work are somewhat uneven in terms of quality and content. As it stands, the book requires a more comprehensive conclusion than that provided. However, despite the criticisms presented here, this volume on the whole does successfully accomplish its objectives. The issues raised are clear and comprehensive and the personal flavor of many of the chapters help make the issues more accessible and immediate to the first-time reader. I would certainly recommend it as an introductory reader for students interested in consumption. Source Cited Cross Cultural Consumption: Global Markets Local Realities David Howes, ed. London: Routledge; 1996